Keep seed phrases and private keys under your own control; no one should ask for them; review each transfer, signature and approval separately.
Systems and software
This section focuses on systems and software and how it affects a practical wallet, network or Web3 workflow.
Security around systems and software should be considered together with seed phrases, private keys, device conditions and permission management. Separate chains maintain separate state, and similar-looking address formats do not make networks interchangeable; use the correct block explorer when you need public verification. A legitimate workflow does not require sending recovery secrets or verification codes to another person or entering them into an unknown webpage.
For systems and software, begin by identifying the active network, the exact address or contract involved, and the result you actually intend to achieve. Fees, confirmation speed and contract behavior change with network conditions, so wallet estimates should be interpreted in the context of the active chain. This turns an interface prompt into information that can be independently checked instead of relying on a name, icon or single status label.
More broadly, systems and software rarely stands alone. It usually connects to at least one of the following: an address, an active network, gas, a transaction hash, a DApp request or validator state. Reading those pieces together reduces errors caused by choosing the wrong chain, misunderstanding a permission or misreading a pending state.
- Verify the active network, address or contract target
- Keep a transaction hash or other public data that can be independently checked
- Never provide a seed phrase, private key or verification code to anyone
Public Wi-Fi
This section focuses on public wi-fi and how it affects a practical wallet, network or Web3 workflow.
For public wi-fi, begin by identifying the active network, the exact address or contract involved, and the result you actually intend to achieve. Fees, confirmation speed and contract behavior change with network conditions, so wallet estimates should be interpreted in the context of the active chain. This turns an interface prompt into information that can be independently checked instead of relying on a name, icon or single status label.
A practical review of public wi-fi separates origin, target, permission or value, and network state. Connections, message signatures, transaction signatures and token approvals are distinct requests; review the spender, allowance and expected effect separately. If a contract is unfamiliar, an allowance is unexpectedly broad, the network is wrong, or the result does not match your intent, stop and verify the transaction hash, contract address or block state before continuing.
More broadly, public wi-fi rarely stands alone. It usually connects to at least one of the following: an address, an active network, gas, a transaction hash, a DApp request or validator state. Reading those pieces together reduces errors caused by choosing the wrong chain, misunderstanding a permission or misreading a pending state.
- Verify the active network, address or contract target
- Keep a transaction hash or other public data that can be independently checked
- Never provide a seed phrase, private key or verification code to anyone
Clipboard risk
This section focuses on clipboard risk and how it affects a practical wallet, network or Web3 workflow.
A practical review of clipboard risk separates origin, target, permission or value, and network state. Separate chains maintain separate state, and similar-looking address formats do not make networks interchangeable; use the correct block explorer when you need public verification. If a contract is unfamiliar, an allowance is unexpectedly broad, the network is wrong, or the result does not match your intent, stop and verify the transaction hash, contract address or block state before continuing.
Understanding clipboard risk also means considering what remains true after you confirm. Fees, confirmation speed and contract behavior change with network conditions, so wallet estimates should be interpreted in the context of the active chain. On-chain transactions generally cannot be reversed by a wallet alone, and a DApp connection is not the same as an approval. The confirmation button is only the final step; the important work happens before it.
More broadly, clipboard risk rarely stands alone. It usually connects to at least one of the following: an address, an active network, gas, a transaction hash, a DApp request or validator state. Reading those pieces together reduces errors caused by choosing the wrong chain, misunderstanding a permission or misreading a pending state.
- Verify the active network, address or contract target
- Keep a transaction hash or other public data that can be independently checked
- Never provide a seed phrase, private key or verification code to anyone
Public computers
This section focuses on public computers and how it affects a practical wallet, network or Web3 workflow.
Understanding public computers also means considering what remains true after you confirm. Transaction hashes, block height, contract addresses and event logs provide useful verification points for distinguishing interface delays from actual on-chain state. On-chain transactions generally cannot be reversed by a wallet alone, and a DApp connection is not the same as an approval. The confirmation button is only the final step; the important work happens before it.
Security around public computers should be considered together with seed phrases, private keys, device conditions and permission management. Separate chains maintain separate state, and similar-looking address formats do not make networks interchangeable; use the correct block explorer when you need public verification. A legitimate workflow does not require sending recovery secrets or verification codes to another person or entering them into an unknown webpage.
More broadly, public computers rarely stands alone. It usually connects to at least one of the following: an address, an active network, gas, a transaction hash, a DApp request or validator state. Reading those pieces together reduces errors caused by choosing the wrong chain, misunderstanding a permission or misreading a pending state.
- Verify the active network, address or contract target
- Keep a transaction hash or other public data that can be independently checked
- Never provide a seed phrase, private key or verification code to anyone